Importance of Ground Investigations in Site Investigations

Importance of Ground investigatings in Site InvestigationsGeotechnical workAli Aleffartable of limitIntroductionSite investigating procedure academic degree 1 desk study and reconnaissance surveyStage 2 Ground investigation, analysis and laboratory psychometric testPhase 1 or intrusive (sampling)PhotographsPhase 2 non-intrusive or Geophysical send exploration.Laboratory TestingStage 3 the spot investigation reportREPORT OUTLINESubsurface SituationsDesign RecommendationsGeotechnical failure exampleCritical AnalysisRecommendationsConclusionReferencesIntroductionIn order to specify the geotechnical and geoenvironmental issues in the context of the suggested end-use of the site, site investigation tail be done for this purpose. A geotechnical site investigation is the process of hive away information and evaluating the conditions of the site for the purpose of shrewd and constructing the foundation for a structure, such as a building, plant or bridge, In addition to that thi s report contains the site investigation procedure and how the mistakes in site investigation process may lead to a disaster such as what the example below illustrates, collapsing of an important building after executing a subway tunnel under its area, the reasons behind that and how the poorly-done site investigation or following the standard without taming the procedure to proper the environment and circumstances of the project. Good cooking for and management of a geotechnical site investigation is the key to obtaining sufficient and correct site information for designing a structure in a seasonable manner and with minimum hail for the effort needed.Site investigation procedureTo carry out the site investigation procedure there are 4 stages to doStage 1 desk study and reconnaissance surveyStage 2 ground investigation, analysis and laboratory testStage 3 reportStage 4 design and materials recommendation.ONLINE Available at http//www.rsa-geotechnics.co.uk/pages.asp?fld_pages _ID=51. Accessed 18 February 2015Stage 1 Desk study and reconnaissance surveyTime spent in reconnaissance is never wasted. The purpose of the desk study is to identify change in land use, via Ordinance Survey maps, Kellys Trade Directories and other diachronic publicly accessible records In addition to walkover survey. The history of the site and what it is used for and if whether if it has contaminated the lubricating oil and how deep it has effected it. Using satellite imaging, Geological maps, Topographic maps, territorial dominion survey maps, Aerial photographs and existing site investigation reports.GEOTECHNICAL SITE INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES FOR construct FOUNDATIONS IN PERMAFROST. 2010.Stage 2 Ground investigation, analysis and laboratory testGround investigation or site exploration can be classified into two phasesPhase 1 or intrusive (sampling)It is important that a geotechnical specialist or an engineer with knowledge and skills to document undercoat stratigraphy, their variations, and the existence of a particularised circumstance to observe the progress of test holes advance. 1.5 m is the judgment intervals that attempts should be taken and sealed in plastic bags for transport to a laboratory for testing. Disturbed samples are derived from backhoe and air-track and auger drills. In addition, re stickative broken/ sickish samples should be collected to provide samples at 1.5 m depth intervals for laboratory testing in addition to get a well representative sample the following sampling-Disturbed samples undisturbed samples- around methods are usedTrial pitsHand excavated boreholesCable percussion boringRotary drillingSonic drillingPhotographsPhotographs can document the site and the drill equipment in work progress. In addition, it must(prenominal) be taken of representative disturbed samples and all soil and rock cores.Smiths elements of soil mechanics, 2014.Phase 2 non-intrusive or Geophysical site exploration.Boring and test pits aff ord definitive subsurface exploration. They can, however, be both time consuming and costly. In addition, they give subsurface conditions only at boring or test pit locations, leaving massive areas in between for which conditions must be interpolated or appraised.Geophysical techniques, which are commonly used in highway work and in other applications, can be executed faster, less expensively and great area can be covered more thoroughly, however, obtaining soil samples are still required from which precise determinations of soil properties can be made in order to verify and complement result obtained by geophysical methods.Two particular geophysical methods that are seismic refraction (Fig1) and electrical resistivity.Resistance of soil to movement of an electrical current is determined. Using values obtained therefrom, the depth and thickness of different soil strata can be interpreted by specialists and estimated, with the aid of additive borings, some of the engineering proper ties of the subsurface material. SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS, 2001.Fig.1 (seismic refraction)Laboratory TestingLaboratory tests to obtain key properties of the ground will be adequate in the majority of geotechnical site investigations. The index properties will be obtained by means of piss content, particle size distribution, liquid, and plastic limit tests.Laboratory testing for engineering properties may be required for walloping buildings on complex circumstances of the ground stratigraphy. The types of engineering tests that may be conducted are consolidation, and less likely, creep strength and thermal properties tests.Stage 3 the site investigation reportThe key issues that should be noted shall bea) Project description restatedb) Characterize the site so that surrounding conditions that may influence the design and performance of the building footing are understood and designed forc) The projected end of the building assist life State the present and, climate and ground tempera turesd) Classify the soil strata according to recognized Euro code and BS, based on quantitative laboratory resultse) State the significance of the stratigraphy established by the test hole program, measured ground temperature and the bushel of climate warming rate on the recommended building foundation design(s)f) Identify foundation options proper for the proposed service life of the building andg) Provide guidance for the twist and device scheduling of the foundation for the building.GEOTECHNICAL SITE INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES FOR BUILDING FOUNDATIONS IN PERMAFROST. 2010.REPORT OUTLINEThe pass on terms of the investigation are the main specifications that the content of the report depends on, the magnitude and difficulty of the structure, and the site condition. Hence, contents and detail of the reports may contrast. The outline provides general contents based on literature and the writers experience.Structure information/necessities and building engineering design that the arc hitect/design engineer provide. Testing and miscellany of the soils should be based on internationally recognized criterions. Engineering properties and foundation design requirements to take into consideration the service life of the proposed structure and the potential impact of climate warming. In addition, should contains the followingIntroductionIt is suggested that the report is prepared to provide information to the property owner, architect/design engineer and the contractor. As such, the introduction should bring in sufficient reference toThe requested terms of reference of the investigation, and Scope of work provided in satisfying the requested terms of reference.BackgroundThe background provides the physical short letter of the project and should includeProjected StructureDetail of the structure guides the extent and detail of investigation. Thus, the architect/engineer should provide the information.Technical detail of the proposed structure, for instance, single or multi-story, plan area, above ground, slab-on grade, or with basement.Service life of the planned structure e.g., 20, 50 years or more.Geological SituationOverview of the site as provided by geomorphology and bedrock geology obtained from previous investigations and published information.LandDescription of surface features of the immediate site that should include topography, vegetation and neighbouring structures.Hydrology and Immediate Surface DrainageWater existence and surface flow may affect the design of surface grading and effect the ground temperatures.Subsurface SituationsInvestigation Program SummaryIncludes a description of the method/s used to evaluate the ground situations, equipment that have to be used, test holes number, dates achieved, and laboratory tests conducted. Detailed description of these should be presented in the Appendix, precedent to the field logs and laboratory testing.Design RecommendationsThe report should recommend the best foundation design suite the established ground conditions and the structure criteriaGEOTECHNICAL SITE INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES FOR BUILDING FOUNDATIONS IN PERMAFROST. 2010.Smiths elements of soil mechanics, 2014.Geotechnical failure exampleCollapsed document and a neighbouring building, March 2009 On 3rd of March 2009 at 1358, the file building collapsed (The archive was Germanys largest municipal archive, and the only one to survive World War II intact). Two adjacent apartment buildings also collapsed, killing two residents. The Cologne historic Archive, suddenly disappeared into a cloud of dust and a pile of rubble. After the sounds of buckling began, archive staff and visitors had enough time to escape the building, but its vast historical holdings did not prove as fortunate. Flooding into the building pit was noticed that water. The building workers rapidly warned the staff and visitors of the archive, who evacuated the building. Shortly subsequently, the archive building collapsed as a result of an tube-shaped structure landslide hooked on the subway tunnel.as shown in the picture below Google map for the collapsed building location Two people were stuck under the debris and on person was thought to be missed. The disaster has left residents in the city, shaken and angry. A nearby school remains evacuated and apartments next to the archive were also sucked into the 28-meter sinkhole. Many locals were afraid of the next accident. The collapse also heavily damaged several surrounding apartment houses as well. The heaviest part of the tunnel construction was supposedly completed 1-year earlier, but the tunnel floor had not been finished. The tunnel and station has been a controversial project in Cologne, with problems occurring as early as 2004 when a church steeple began experiencing tilt of 77-cm, greater than 15 times what was predicted.Onlinehttp//www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cologne-archive-catastrophe-were-subway-builders-cautious-enough-a-612129.htmlAccessed 15 F ebruaryCritical AnalysisAfter the starting of new underground tunnel work many problems has been observed by residents and building workers such as an expansion joint in the concrete ceiling, in which a relegate the size of a hand had formed, cracks in the flooring in the basement boiler room and that the tower of St. Johann Baptist Church leaned by 77 centimeters15 times greater than what had been previously calculated. From the aforementioned examples successive events in Cologne city, the main reason of collapsing of the city archive building can be obviously concluded, which is insufficient heraldic bearing capacity of the soil to carry the loading of archive city building and some surrounding apartments after constructing the new tunnel in addition to some side factors which caused loosening of the ground and cavity formations that was inevitable in some areas.Witnesses who were close to the investigation commented that the tragedy was likely caused by ground water goop The whole thing points to an issue with the ground water, at the construction site may be connect to rising levels of the Rhine River, which is situated very close to the collapsed building.The stableness and deformations of tunnels can be affected by water by decreasing the effective stress hence reducing the resistance to shearing stresses, by producing gook forces towards the barbs borders. Drawdown of the water level and to time-dependent subsidence can be caused by the gook-flow may due to consolidation. Moreover, the seepage forces may act towards the opening may moderate its stability. The effects of groundwater in tunneling are ramified. Throughout tunnel excavation in a water-bearing ground, seepage stream in the direction of the opening occurs, because the pressure at the excavation boundary is, in general, equal to the atmospheric pressure and the tunnel acts consequently as a groundwater drain. Drawdown of the water level can be caused by seepage flow, to decrease in th e discharge of walls, or to settlement and consolidation. Beyond these- in the broader sense- environmental influences such as rising levels of a River, which is situated close to the tunnel, large water inflows may have a severe impact on the serviceability throughout its operation phase or obstruct excavation works. And thats what happened to the soil underneath the city of Cologne archive building where, the seepage which caused by rising levels of the Rhine river especially in that period of the year lead to weaken soil which is unable to carry the loads and that made the soil to fail and collapse the building to come down in a big whole,throughout collecting and analyzing the collected results, combined with the particular circumstances of the project, it can be summarized that the joint at the interface are of layered rock damage resulted from the groundwater where it is the main sexual cause of the tunnel failure. All of that can be resulted from poor-site investigation or it has not been done in the right way or misunderstanding for the info that collected from site investigation.Face instability Severe seepage in the underground tunnlesRecommendationsThe local tests of the soil around the city archive had only been conducted before the city made the tender offer and prior to the beginning of construction on the underground line. There were no subsequent soil tests once construction work had started. The city followed the standard procedure, so the first recommendation is the standard procedure should not be always followed but following the standard until specific limits depending on the project and other circumstances. In addition to sufficient reinforcing the potential weak soil spots during the tunnelling work For instance, during the construction of a tunnel, flash-hardening bentonite rings must be always directly put in its place. Moreover, never left a hollow that could pull in the adjacent ground. Most of accidents can be avoided if more ca re is taken and fully understanding for the data collected from a very good site investigation and what to do according to it.In addition to that, for the tunnel situation, the groundwater level should be monitored and using different methods to control the seepage and consolidation of water in the tunnels, which lead to distract the construction.Tunnel stability and deformations in water-bearing ground. p1-6ConclusionTo sum up, the ground investigation is a long process and takes a long time and it costs about (Buildings 0.05 0.2, Highways 0.2% 1.5%, Dams1% 3%) of the project cost and it saves up to 100% of the project and save human life and invaluable things such as the invaluable historical documents.Most of tunnels collapse accidents are resulted from the problems related with the ground water. 90% of collapsing accidents can be prevented by a good site investigation by an experienced team in this field.ReferencesRSA Geotechnics Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Site Invest igation What is Site Investigation?. 2015. RSA Geotechnics Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Site Investigation What is Site Investigation?. ONLINE Available at http//www.rsa-geotechnics.co.uk/pages.asp?fld_pages_ID=51. Accessed 18 February 2015 1700Smiths elements of soil mechanics, Ian smith, 9th edition, 2014, WILEY BLACKWELL.SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS, Cheng Liu Jack B. Evett, 5th edition, 2001, prentice-HallDepartment of Public whole shebang and Services and Government of the Northwest Territories (2010). GEOTECHNICAL SITE INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES FOR BUILDING FOUNDATIONS IN PERMAFROST. Northwest Territories. I. Holubec Consulting Incp3-8.Onlinehttp//www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cologne-archive-catastrophe-were-subway-builders-cautious-enough-a-612129.htmlaccessed 15 February 1200G Anagnostou (2006). Tunnel stability and deformations in water-bearing ground. Zurich, Switzerland ETH, Swiss federal institute of technology. p1-6.Geotechnical and structural engineering centre (2014). Cause Analysis of soft and hard rock tunnel collapse and information management. Shandong, P.R mainland China Ministry of Land and resources, China. p1227-1232.California Department of conservation (2013). Guidelines for Preparing Geological Reports for Regional-Scale Environmental and Resource Management Planning. California, USA Department of surveying. p1-7.R. F. Craig (2004). CRAIGS SOIL MECHANICS. 7th ed. London Spon Press. p30-70, p373-394.1