Lecture Notes

scientific Investigation of mental processes and expression and how they Lancaster economic consumptions tools and research methods to understand mental processes &038 doings Has a biological boundary (changing nature of body continues way we deport and who we be) and a cultural boundary (culture shapes human behavior) Psychology is about sense a persons biological make-up, their psychological experience and function and cultural range Brief History Psychology has stemmed from philosophical roots and philosophical questions (1)Free will or determinism Do people freely choose their behavior or Is It characterized from lawful patterns? (2) Mind-Body Problem- How do mental and psychical elements interact?Germany was concern of psychological research and thinking In the early st elds (19th century) Structuralism (Wilhelm wound 1832- 1920) father of experimental psychological science Focus on elements and introspection of intellect experience (report of stimulus) 1879 Wilhel m Wound established the first ever laboratory of psychology Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Criticized Wounds charge on elements and consciousness to behavior Instead of focus n structure of consciousness rather think why (behavior)?? squiffy emphasis on function on mental processes in adapting to the environs Gestalt psychology the whole Is bigger than the elements that form the whole Perception and creating intend as human beings Experiment orientated Psychodrama perspective Sigmund Freed (1856-1939) Not everything we think, intuitive feeling and remember we be aware of (unconscious), both(prenominal)(prenominal) aspects of hidden events from us causing anxiety (mental processes in conflict) Dynamic Interplay between consciousness and unconsciousness retiring(a) events become part of unconsciousness (find them, relive and talk through)Lecture Notes penalize Deterrence Get rid of them, get them of the streets Retri besidesion Just desserts arbitrator, symmetrical The punishment must fit the villainy It must be per capita Contravention of social order requires pay back to caller or quint Deterrence Threat of punishment will prevent future hatred Hedonistic calculus If the pleasure out ways the pain bullying is ineffective General Deterrence, and Specific You see a friend locate a curse and you dont command to Specific Is you Certainty, Celerity, Severity These need to be close together In order for deterrence to be affectional certainty Is he most important if you are certain you are going to get caught, you wont do it. Does deterrence work?sometimes it does work (they get out, and they dont want to go back) and sometimes it doesnt work (people sometimes bargain with the judge to get put into Jail longer, or they go back to umbrage) Incapacitation (Prison) Symbolic denouncement of act communicated to offenders and society through use of punishment In the sense of freedom we as people of society we value our freedom, and taking it onward is tough on a mountain of people Imprisonment, deprivation of liberty Remove problem elements from society refilling Address underlying causes facing the offender Focus on offender, non abuse Assumes transformation potential of rehabilitation within a retributive context The problem with rehabilitation is that it believes that you can rehabilitate some matchless in a prison put where you got people in an anxious setting etc. ND it becomes a lot more challenging Justice Policies burn in Policies in that location is more emphasis on incapacitation, retribution, deterrence Rehabilitation, reparation overshadowed Less focus on solving problems of abhorrence doctrine that vindictive punishment is most appropriate response to shame Trend in US ND Canada toward punitive approaches New Pensiveness From mid-sasss produce of global trend toward harsher CA sanctions More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S shake off totally gotten rid of community san ctions and probation enlarge use of prison, more crimes result in prison, increase prison lengths, required minimums More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Shaming initiatives, austere prison regimes For example in Arizona they make their inmates wear pink suits Zero margin st outrankgiesZero tolerance means they have to report everything even if its a push fight down Three strikes legislation If you do two serious offences on the tertiary serious offence you get a life sentence affair of capital punishment It does not have an effect on crime rates In Canada the death penalty did not have an impact on crime rates In states for the first two weeks it would go down and then it would go right back to where it was Harsh CSS policies are response to increasing public disorder, rising crime, deterioration of moral role model Leap backward, shift away from restraint Stretching the limits of punishmen t sturdy Justice War on Drugs in 1971 Drug offences is what is driving the crime rates in the U. S out the roof Crack is employ by the lower build people Cocaine is use by the middle and upper class The legal philosophy are targeting the lower class that is using crack So the prisons and sanctions in the U.S is filled with the minority people, such as blacks and Latinists Tough on crime policies and election platforms 1980 = 40,000, 2008 = 500,000 Simon prison utilise to target race Relationship between Get Tough and Crime grade Little relationship between crime and incarceration rates There is no relationship with how tough you are on crime and the crime rate. You can e as tough as you want but it will not put a dent on the crime rate. High welfare spending = low incarceration rates greater inequality = higher incarceration rates Inefficient move away from pensiveness Example Texas vs California Texas spent a lot of cash on offences, which in turn had zero effect on the cri me rate, where as California spent no money, and they had the same rates as Texas who spent a lot of money Canada youth incarceration rate Canada put in run laws and barriers that stated you cant put children under the age of 12 in Jail.Criminal Responsibility Category Age Children Under 12 None Youth 12-17 Diminished Adults 18+ Full sub judice Legal Classification of Criminal Offences Offence Hearing Punishment Summary tyke court enounce $2000 both Indictable (Felony U. S term both mean the same thing) Less serious provincial court Judge Most serious provincial superior court by federally appointed Judge All others Judge without Jury Up to lifespan Hybrid Can be summary or indictable public prosecutor discretion Record, circumstances Varies Cocoas Representations of Crime Lecture 3 Non. 29) Epistemology Study of friendship What do we recognise about crime? How do we know what we know? How do we acquire our knowledge? What are its limitations?Common Sources News intellige nce service of mouth Problems with Understanding Crime Hidden Subject of inquiry is measuredly Insight Criminals have little insight into the broader nature of their behavior What does one murderer know about another Cost Access in costly, time consuming and partial Scope Much crime lies beyond the scope of research Access Sociologists cannot pass effortlessly into every role Barriers exist within social worlds Representation Social worlds are not representative Official Sources of Crime Statistics The Crime Funnel Citizens detect crime A lot of people do not report crime, for reasons being Fear Can resolve it on your own Police baron/wont do anything about it May not think its a crime/dont define it as a crime Street youth, they dont pull the practice of law because they are victimized If you are engaging in execrable behavior you wont report crime to the police.Uniform Crime Reports Standardized counts of crime cognize to police National statistics about crime Applies stand ard definitions to all offences Counts used to determine crime rates The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Limitations mainly the crime funnel Justice system does not give an close portrayal of crime Unreported crime The dark figure of crime Self-Report Surveys Asks people about the crimes they have committed You can get peoples lieu etc Who commits the most crime Young Adults Identifies some unreported crimes (dark figure) Measure attitudes and prevalence of offending (primary peers) Factorization Surveys Asks victims about crimes they did not report Indicate that a large number of crimes are not reported Example Canadian Urban Factorization Survey Direct Measures Economic loss, physical injury, spot damage Indirect Measures Fear of crime and its effects People dont want to be alone at night Lock the doorsEstablish new expectations and measurements for police effectiveness Increase understanding and trust between police and electric resistance leaders Empower and strengt hen community-based efforts Commitment to long-term proactive streak strategies Decentralized operations and management Develop new skills in police Racial and Criminal Profiling Racial Criminal Any legal action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a combination of these, rather than on a clean incredulity, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or varied treatment.Relies on actual behavior or on information about suspected activity by someone who tests the description of a detail individual. What is Racial Profiling? Based on stereotypical assumptions because of ones race, color, ethnicity, etc. show up of disproportionate stops When is it profiling? B, women in spousal relationship killed, drome Good police work or self-fulfilling prophecy Intuition, suspicion Visibility, definition If you are a young black male with an reading you are more likely to be stopped by police. ** By in large police officers in Canada are intelligent tall(prenominal) working people who want to serve Justice to the general public. **