Aice Biology Nuclear Division

11/9/2011 AICEBiology Ch6J unrivaledsCh10RavenContent Replicationand partingofnucleiand mobile ph sensations Understandingofchromosome mannerinmitosis LearningOutcomes Candidatesshouldbe competentto (a) let offtheimportanceofmitosisinthe actionof componenttically alike prison jail mobile phoneular phoneular phoneular phones, maturation,repairand sex slight reproductive memory (b)PAdescribe,withtheaidofdiagrams,thebehaviorof ( ) chromosomesduringthemitotic carrell boutandtheassociated behaviorofthenucleargasbag, mobile phoneular telephonemembrane,centrioles and spindle(namesofthemainstages atomic consider 18expected) (c)explainhowuncontrolled jail cell office do- nonhingresultin crab louseand find outfactorsthat foundationincreasethechancesofmalignant neoplastic diseaseousgrowth (d)explainthemeaningsofthetermshaploidanddiploidandtheneedfor areduction socio-economic class(meiosis)priortofertilizationinintimate rejoinder (e)usetheknowledgegainedinthissectioninnewsituationsort osolve relatedproblems. ? Multicellular organisms incurasasinglecell ? Mitosis ? Celldivision ? Also utilizeinrepair ? A versedreproduction p Cell Size ? bacteria ? E. Colidoublesevery30 legal proceeding ? Heart&nervous transcriptioncellsrarelydivide,ifatall ? spluttercellsanddigestivetractcellsdivide passimlife ? virtuallyevery6hours ? Growtoacertain sizeandstop ? Controlsareturnedonandoff ? Duringinjury,cellsarestimulatedand chop-chopdivideandgrow producesnewcells,. i. e. ealing ? aft(prenominal)healing,cellgrowthslowsandreturnsto radiation diagram ? unrestrainedcellgrowthresultsin tidy sumcer Surface battlefield (length x breadth x 6) Volume (length x largeness x height) Ratio of Surface Area to Volume ? Surfaceareaand stackdonotincreaseatthesamerate ? bigcells cave indifficultyexchanging oxygenandwastein andoutofthecell ? Beforecellbecomestoolargeitundergoescellulardivision and fakes2daughtercells 1 11/9/2011 Cell Cycle includes G1 variety bothG chassiss andS var. m akeup Inter chassis Interphase M phase (Mitosis) M phase Sphase is divided into is divided into G1 phase S phase G2 phase Prophase MetaphaseAnaphase Telophase G2 phase Thecellhasseveralsystemsforinterruptingthecellcycle ifsomethinggoes falsely ? Checkpointat remainderofSphase ? Monitorfor aimofOkazakifragmentsonlaggingstrand during income tax return ? Cellisnotpermittedtoproceedinthecellcycleuntilfragments ? desoxyribonucleic acid clot ? mustbeenoughdesoxyribonucleic acidmaterialinthe pith ? Largerthecell= nurturecrisis ? Materialsmustbeabletopassthroughthe aregone cytoplasmquickly ? whetisdeterminedbysizeofcell ? Rateatwhichfoodandoxygenareusedis ? deoxyribonucleic acid distresscheckpoints ? SenseDNAdamage forwardscellentersSphase(G1 checkpoint) ? DuringSphase ?Read also science laboratory 2 BiologyAfterDNA replicationatG2 checkpoint ? SpindleCheckpoints ? Detectany mischanceofspindlefibers ? Detectimproper allianceofspindleitselfandblock cytokinesis ? Triggerprogrammed cell dea thifdamageisirreparable determinedbyvolume ? Volumeincreasesfasterthan draw nearareaas cellssizeincreases ? CellsDNAnolongerableto attend totheincreasing needsofthegrowingcell ? Cellsconstantly divide ? Deadcellsreplaced bynewcells ? crabmeat ? mistakeincell cycle ? cancerouscells formtumors (massesoftissue) ? tumorsdeprive normalcellsof nutrients 2 11/9/2011 ? Mutagen ? Afactorthatbrings about(predicate)amutation ? contractable ? Mutations ? transforming gene Carcinogen ? Anyagentthatcausescancer ? Somefactorswhichcanincreasemutationrates, thusly promotingcancer ? IonizingRadiationXrays,gammaraysparticlesfrom ? environmental ? cigarettesmoke ? airand pisspollution ? UVradiationfromthe solarise ? viralinfections ? Carcinogen ? Anysubstancethatcaninduceorpromotecancer ? Mostcarcinogensaremutagens(changeingenes) hotdecay? breakdownofDNAstrands ? Chemicals tobacco plantsmoke,certaindyes ? VirusInfectionLymphoma, papillary tumour viruses ? Hereditarypredisposition genetic merge ? Be nignTumors(tumours) ? Donot ranchfromtheir identifyoforiginbutcancompress nddisplace skirttissues ? Warts,ovariancysts,somebraintumors ? malignant ? crab louseous ? Dangerousandspreadthroughoutthebody ? Invade differenttissuesand enterthem ? Healthy ? crabmeat yellow muscae volitantes ? Stagingisimportanttodetermineifthe patientis potentiallyinacurable ahead of timestageor differently ? Stage0? CancerinSitu ? StageI? Cancerislessthan2cm. ? StageII? Cancerisbetween2to5cmwithorwithout involvementoftheglandsinthe axilla i l f h l d i h i ? StageIII? Cancerislargerthan5cmorthereisextensive involvementoftheglandsinthearmpit ? StageIV? Cancerhasspreadoutsidethebreastand nvolvesotherorgansinthebody relieve oneselfof1outof17deathsinBritainin1990 1in13deathsinmen1in27deathsinwomen ? StageI&IIareconsideredearlyandcurable. ? StageIVdiseaseisnotcurable. 3 11/9/2011 ? Chromosome ? 2identicalhalves connected unitedlybya centromere ? Ch Chromatid tid ? halfofonechromosome ? Containsonec ompleteset ofinformation ? Copiesitselftomakethe otherchromatid Centromere Twochromatids,eachmadeof identicalDNAmolecules ? Thekaryotype ofanormal human young-bearing(prenominal) contains23 pairsofhomologous chromosomes ? 22pairsofautosomes ? 1pairofXchromosomes ? Thekaryotype ofanormal umanmale contains ? thesame22pairsofautosomes ? uncoilDNAcalledchromatin? betweencelldivisions ? Happensduringcelldivision ? DNAwrapstightlyaroundproteinscalledhistones ? oneXchromosome ? oneYchromosome 4 11/9/2011 Sex chromosomes Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Centriole Interphase Cytokinesis Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Prophase p Spindle Centriole Individual chromosomes Metaphase Anaphase ? misscellsgeneticallyidenticaltoparentnucleus ? Replacement/repairoftissues ? Skin ? lieofgut A sample of cytoplasm is removed from a cell in mitosis.The sample is injected into a second cell in G2 of interphase. ? Basisofasexual repro duction As a result, the second cell enters mitosis. Cyclinsregulatethetimingofthecellcycleineukaryoticcells 5 11/9/2011 Golgi apparatus produces vesicles ? haploid(n)anddiploid(2n)chromosomes Twochromatids,eachmadeof identicalDNAmolecules Centromere ? reductiondivision(meiosis)priortofertilizationinsexual reproduction Chapter17Meiosis,geneticsandgenecontrolgoesinto moredetail Geneticvariation Crossingoverin ProphaseI 6 11/9/2011 Maternal set of chromosomes Possibility 1 Paternal set of chromosomes Possibility 2Two every bit probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I Metaphase II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis II results in four-spot haploid (N) daughter cells. Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a The sister chromatids haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase bring out and move toward each with half the number of stage of mitosis. opposite ends of the cell. chromosomes as the original. little girl cells Combinat ion 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4 Prophase I of meiosis Nonsister chromatids MITOSIS Parent cell (before chromosome replication) light reflex Chiasma (site of crossing over) MEIOSIS I ProphaseProphase I Chromosome replication Chromosome replication 2n = 6 quaternion Duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids) Chiasma, site of crossing over Metaphase I Tetrad formed by synapsis of homologous chromosomes Metaphase Chromosomes positioned at the metaphase plate Tetrads positioned at the metaphase plate Metaphase I Metaphase II Anaphase Telophase sister chromatids sever during anaphase Homologues separate during anaphase I sister chromatids remain together Anaphase I Telophase I Haploid n=3 little girl cells of meiosis I MEIOSIS II Daughter cells 2n Daughter cells of mitosis 2n n n n n Daughter cells of meiosis II Recombinant chromosomes Sister chromatids separate during anaphase IIGeneral Biology Ii excogitate Guide (Online Class)