Language and memory Essay

Limitations with the study included the try out range being as well small. This means that it is difficult to make believe generalisations because 20 undergraduate students cannot possibly be representative of the sample population. In order to improve the experiment, a wider sample range could be used, including people from different age groups and ethnic backgrounds. some other limitation was gender bias. The driver in the vignette was male which could lead meant that male participants may shake been more sympathetic to him when giving an estimation. If a female character had been used, the results may have been different. This could be improved by using two sample groups, both with female characters, but once again with either the smashed into condition or bumped into condition.The results of this and previous studies have a number of implications in todays society. Loftus and Palmers work (1974), showed how ever-changing a verb in a sentence, can alter eyewitness guess of a car accident. These findings have major implications for the Legal Justice Systems. In a study by Rattner (1988), a review of 205 cases of wrongful soupcon showed that 52% of the cases were associated with mistaken eyewitness testimonies. These results highlighted the unreliability of eyewitness testimony.Other studies have demonstrated that witnesses sometimes cannot attribute memory to its appropriate sources, or that they make source attribution errors. When witnesses get information from other witnesses and from the police, then their get recollection is likely to be contaminated (Fisher, 1995). This is yet further endorse suggesting that there should be less dependence on eyewitness testimony, and with the reach of advanced gene technology, it is now possible to use alternative sources of evidence.ReferencesCarlson, N. R., Buskist, W., Martin, G. N. (2000). psychological science The Science of Behaviour, 266-267Loftus, E. F. and Palmer, J. E. (1974). Reconstruction of autom obile destruction an example of the interaction amongst language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 13, 585-589.Fisher, R. P., (1995). Interviewing victims and witnesses of crime. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1(4), 732-764.Nisha Ghei witness Practical

Miranda v. Arizona Essay

despotic Court Decision The sovereign Court ruled 5-4 in favor of Miranda and it also enforced the Miranda inform to be given to a person being interrogated while in the custody of the natural law. Miranda Warning You have the powerful to remain silent. Anything you say or do can and will be held against you in a judgeship of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you. Do you understand these rights as they have been read to you? The tyrannical Court held that Mirandas constitutional rights were not violated during interrogation. Case punctuate A Mexican immigrant residing in Phoenix, Arizona, Ernesto Miranda, was identified to be a singular in the line-up of a woman who accused him of rape and kidnapping. Police hence arrested and interrogated Miranda. It took up to at least two hours of interrogation by police until Miranda the confessed to the crimes. The confession was compose.During the two hours of interrogation, police did not once mention Mirandas neither Fifth Amendment Protection against self-incrimination nor his Sixth amendment right to have the right to an attorney. afterward Mirandas confession the case was consequently taken to exertion hosted by Arizona state court an prosecutors used the oral and written confession as evidence against Miranda. Miranda was then found guilty and he was convicted and sentenced to 20-30 years in prison on each count. The conviction was then upheld due to the fact the Mirandas attorney appealed to Arizonas ultimate Court which then led to the case being appealed to the United States Supreme Court which also connected the case with four other mistakable ones. The court later came to an agreement that it is mandatory that the police have the enjoyment of protecting the rights of the accused suspect guaranteed by the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. After the Supreme Court came to the ruling, the rights to be read were the named the Mirand a Rights in honor of Ernesto Miranda.

The Role of Fdi in India

FDI form _or_ system of organisation in India FDI as defined in Dictionary of Economics (Graham Bannock et. al) is investment funds in a abroad country by means of the acquisition of a local association or the establishment there of an ope ration on a new (Green product line) site. To put in simple words, FDI refers to exhaust hoodital inflows from oversea that is invested in or to enhance the production capacity of the economy. 3 foreign investing in India is governed by the FDI policy announced by the establishment of India and the planning of the Foreign Exchange anxiety Act (FEMA) 1999.The Reserve Bank of India ( rbi) in this regard had issued a nonification,4 which contains the Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or issue of security by a person resident distant India) Regulations, 2000. This nonification has been amend from time to time. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, governing body of India is the nodal agency for motor and reviewing the FDI policy on go along basis and changes in orbital policy/ empyreanal right cap. The FDI policy is nonified through Press hand bucks by the Secretariat for Industrial economic aid (SIA), department of Industrial indemnity and procession (DIPP).The foreign investors are set-apart to invest in India, except few firmaments/activi tie-ups, where prior cheering from the run batted in or Foreign investiture Promotion maturate (FIPB) would be call ford. FDI Policy with Regard to selling in India It go forth be prudent to brass into Press Note 4 of 2006 issued by DIPP and consolidated FDI Policy issued in October 20105 which provide the empyrean specific guidelines for FDI with regard to the conduct of concern activities. a) FDI up to hundred% for cash and carry sweeping occupation and export occupation allowed under the voluntary avenue. ) FDI up to 51 % with prior Government approval (i. e. FIPB) for sell trade of Single provoker products, subject to Press Note 3 (2006 Se ries)6. c) FDI is non permitted in Multi brand selling in India. presentation Options For Foreign Players prior to FDI Policy Although prior to Jan 24, 2006, FDI was non definitive in sell, most general players had been operating in the country. Some of entrance passage steerings employ by them chip in been discussed in sum as below- 1. dealership AgreementsIt is an easiest track to come in the Indian market. In franchising and commission agents services, FDI (un slight differently prohibited) is allowed with the approval of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act. This is a most usual mode for entrance of quick pabulum bonds opposite a world. Apart from quick forage bondage identical to Pizza Hut, players much(prenominal) as Lacoste, Mango, Nike as good as Marks as good as Spencer, sacrifice come outed Indian market place by this route. 2. Cash And Carry sell Trading 00% FDI is allowed in wholesale trading which involves create of a bountiful distri scarceion al-Qaida to incite local manu facturers. 7 The wholesaler deals only with slenderer retailers and non Consumers. Metro AG of Germany was the first signifi sack upt international player to enter India through this route. 3. strategic Licensing Agreements Some foreign mugs give exclusive licences and distri aloneion rights to Indian companies. by these rights, Indian companies can either sell it through their witness stores, or enter into shop-in-shop arrangements or distribute the grasss to franchisees.Mango, the Spanish apparel brand has entered India through this route with an organisation with Piramyd, Mumbai, SPAR entered into a similar agreement with Radhakrishna Foodlands Pvt. Ltd 4. Manufacturing and completely Owned Subsidiaries. The foreign brands such as Nike, Reebok, Adidas, etc. that have wholly-owned subsidiaries in manufacturing are treated as Indian companies and are, therefore, allowed to do retail. These companies have be en authorised to sell products to Indian consumers by franchising, internal distributors, existent Indian retailers, own outlets, etc.For instance, Nike entered through an exclusive licensing agreement with Sierra Enterprises but now has a wholly owned subsidiary, Nike India Private Limited. FDI in Single Brand Retail The Government has non categorically defined the meaning of Single Brand anywhere neither in any of its circulars nor any notifications. In integrity-brand retail, FDI up to 51 per cent is allowed, subject to Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) approval and subject to the conditions mentioned in Press Note 38 that (a) only angiotensin converting enzyme brand products would be sold (i. . , retail of goods of multi-brand even if traind by the self kindred(prenominal) manufacturer would not be allowed), (b) products should be sold under the self corresponding(prenominal) brand internationally, (c) single-brand product retail would only cover products which are mark during manufacturing and (d) any addition to product categories to be sold under single-brand would require fresh approval from the regimen. While the phrase single brand has not been defined, it implies that foreign companies would be allowed to sell goods sold internationally under a single brand, viz. Reebok, Nokia, Adidas. Retailing of goods of four-fold brands, even if such products were produced by the same manufacturer, would not be allowed. Going a mistreat further, we examine the concept of single brand and the associated conditions FDI in Single brand retail implies that a retail store with foreign investment can only sell one brand. For exercising, if Adidas were to obtain permission to retail its flagship brand in India, those retail outlets could only sell products under the Adidas brand and not the Reebok brand, for which breach permission is required.If granted permission, Adidas could sell products under the Reebok brand in separate outlets. what is a bra nd? Brands could be classified as products and tenfold products, or could be manufacturer brands and own-label brands. Assume that a company owns dickens jumper cable international brands in the footwear industry say A and R. If the corporate were to obtain permission to retail its brand in India with a local provide, it would need to specify which of the brands it would sell.A reading of the government passing game indicates that A and R would need separate approvals, separate sound entities, and may be even separate stores in which to operate in India. However, it should be noted that the retailers would be able to sell multiple products under the same brand, e. g. , a product range under brand A Further, it appears that the same joint venture partners could operate various brands, but under separate legal entities Now, taking an example of a large departmental market chain, prima facie it appears that it would not be able to enter India.These chains would, typically, wit nesser products and, thereafter, brand it under their private labels. Since the regulations require the products to be branded at the manufacturing stage, this model may not work. The regulations appear to discourage own-label products and appear to be tilted heavily towards the foreign manufacturer brands There is am largeuity in the interpretation of the term single brand. The existing policy does not clearly codify whether retailing of goods with sub-brands bunched under a major(ip) upraise brand can be considered as single-brand retailing and, accordingly, eligible for 51 per cent FDI.Additionally, the question on whether co-branded goods (specifically branded as such at the time of manufacturing) would qualify as single brand retail trading remains unanswered. FDI in Multi Brand Retail The government has too not defined the term Multi Brand. FDI in Multi Brand retail implies that a retail store with a foreign investment can sell multiple brands under one roof. In July 2010, D epartment of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce circulated a discussion paper11 on allowing FDI in multi-brand retail.The paper doesnt suggest any upper limit on FDI in multi-brand retail. If implemented, it would exonerated the doors for planetary retail giants to enter and establish their footprints on the retail adorn of India. Opening up FDI in multi-brand retail will mean that global retailers including Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Tesco can open stores offering a range of business firm items and grocery proposely to consumers in the same way as the present kirana store. Foreign Investors Concern Regarding FDI Policy in IndiaFor those brands which adopt the franchising route as a matter of policy, the current FDI Policy will not make any difference. They would have preferred that the Government liberalize rules for maximize their royalty and franchise fees. They moldiness appease rely on sophisticated structuring of franchise arrangements to maximiz e their returns. Consumer durable majors such as LG and Samsung, which have exclusive franchisee owned stores, are un credibly to shift from the preferred route right away.For those companies which choose to adopt the route of 51% partnership, they must tie up with a local partner. The key is discloseing a partner which is reliable and who can as well teach a trick or two about the domestic market and the Indian consumer. Currently, the create retail celestial sphere is dominated by the likes of large business groups which decided to exchange into retail to cash in on the boom in the sector corporates such as Tata through its brand Westside, RPG sort through Foodworld, Pantaloon of the Raheja Group and Shoppers better.Do foreign investors visit to tie up with an existing retailer or look to former(a)s not necessarily in the business but looking to diversify, as many business groups are doing? An arrangement in the short to medium term may work wonders but what happens if the Government decides to further liberalize the regulations as it is currently contemplating? Will the foreign investor terminate the agreement with Indian partner and trade in market without him? both way, the foreign investor must negotiate its joint venture agreements palmfully, with an option for a buy-out of the Indian partners parting if and when regulations so permit. They must similarly be aware of the regulation which states that once a foreign company enters into a technical or financial collaboration with an Indian partner, it cannot enter into another joint venture with another Indian company or set up its own subsidiary in the same field without the first partners consent if the joint venture agreement does not provide for a conflict of interest clause.In effect, it means that foreign brand owners must be extremely careful whom they choose as partners and the brand they introduce in India. The first brand could also be their last if they do not negotiate the strateg ic arrangement diligently. Concerns for the Government for only Partially Allowing FDI in Retail celestial sphere A derive of concerns were expressed with regard to partial opening of the retail sector for FDI.The Honble Department Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Commerce, in its ninetieth Report, on Foreign and Domestic Investment in Retail Sector, laid in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha on 8 June, 2009, had made an in-depth study on the subject and identified a number of issues related to FDI in the retail sector. These included It would lead to unfair competition and ultimately result in large-scale exit of domestic retailers, especially the small family managed outlets, leading to large scale displacement of persons employed in the retail sector.Further, as the manufacturing sector has not been growing fast enough, the persons displaced from the retail sector would not be absorbed there. Another concern is that the Indian retail sector, oddly organized retail, i s still under- take aimed and in a nascent stage and that, therefore, it is important that the domestic retail sector is allowed to grow and consolidate first, before opening this sector to foreign investors. Antagonists of FDI in retail sector oppose the same on various grounds, like, hat the entry of large global retailers such as Wal-Mart would kill local shops and jillions of jobs, since the unorganized retail sector employs an enormous voice of Indian population after the agriculture sector secondly that the global retailers would conspire and exercise monopolistic tycoon to raise prices and monopolistic (big buying) power to reduce the prices legitimate by the suppliers thirdly, it would lead to asymmetrical evolution in cities, causing discontent and social tension elsewhere.Hence, both the consumers and the suppliers would lose, temporary hookup the clear margins of such retail chains would go up. LIMITATIONS OF THE PRESENT SETUP foot There has been a lack of invest ment in the logistics of the retail chain, leading to an inefficient market mechanism. Though India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (about 180 million MT), it has a very limited integrated snappy-chain radical, with only 5386 stand-alone cold storages, having a fare capacity of 23. 6 million MT. , 80% of this is use only for potatoes.The chain is highly fragmented and hence, perishable horticultural commodities find it difficult to link to distant markets, including overseas markets, round the division. Storage infrastructure is necessary for carrying over the agricultural produce from production periods to the rest of the year and to prevent distress sales. Lack of adequate storage facilities cause corpulent losses to farmers in terms of wastage in tonus and quantity of produce in general. Though FDI is permitted in cold-chain to the extent of 100%, through the automatic route, in the absence of FDI in retailing FDI flow to the sector has not been sig nificant.Intermediaries dominate the value chain Intermediaries often flout mandi norms and their pricing lacks transparency. Wholesale regulated markets, governed by State APMC Acts, have developed a monopolistic and non-transparent character. According to some key outs, Indian farmers realize only 1/ tertiary of the total price paid by the final consumer, as against 2/3rd by farmers in nations with a higher share of organized retail. Improper Public Distribution System (PDS) There is a big question mark on the efficacy of the public procurement and PDS set-up and the bill on food subsidies is rising.In spite of such heavy subsidies, overall food based inflation has been a matter of great concern. The absence of a farm-to-fork retail supply system has led to the ultimate customers paying a premium for shortages and a charge for wastages. No Global Reach The small depleted & Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has also suffered overdue to lack of branding and lack of avenues to re ach out to the vast world markets. While India has continued to provide emphasis on the development of MSME sector, the share of unorganised sector in overall manufacturing has declined from 34. % in 1999-2000 to 30. 3% in 2007-0812. This has largely been due to the inability of this sector to access latest technology and improve its marketing interface. Rationale behind Allowing FDI in Retail Sector FDI can be a powerful catalyst to spur competition in the retail industry, due to the current scenario of low competition and poor productivity. The policy of single-brand retail was adopted to allow Indian consumers access to foreign brands. Since Indians spend a lot of money shopping abroad, this policy enables them to spend the same money on the same goods in India.FDI in single-brand retailing was permitted in 2006, up to 51 per cent of ownership. Between then and May 2010, a total of 94 proposals have been received. Of these, 57 proposals have been approved. An FDI inflow of US$19 6. 46 million under the category of single brand retailing was received between April 2006 and September 2010, comprising 0. 16 per cent of the total FDI inflows during the period. Retail stocks blush wine by as much as 5%. Shares of Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd ended 4. 84% up at Rs 441 on the Bombay Stock Exchange.Shares of Shoppers Stop Ltd blush wine 2. 02% and Trent Ltd, 3. 19%. The exchanges key index rose 173. 04 points, or 0. 99%, to 17,614. 48. But this is very slight as compared to what it would have been had FDI upto 100% been allowed in India for single brand. The policy of allowing 100% FDI in single brand retail can benefit both the foreign retailer and the Indian partner foreign players get local market knowledge, while Indian companies can access global best focusing practices, designs and technological knowhow.By partially opening this sector, the government was able to reduce the pressure from its trading partners in bilateral/ multilateral negotiations and c ould demonstrate Indias intentions in liberalising this sector in a phased manner. Permitting foreign investment in food-based retailing is likely to check over adequate flow of great into the country & its productive use, in a manner likely to promote the welfare of all sections of society, particularly farmers and consumers.It would also help bring about improvements in farmer income & agricultural growth and assist in lowering consumer prices inflation. Apart from this, by allowing FDI in retail trade, India will significantly flourish in terms of quality standards and consumer expectations, since the inflow of FDI in retail sector is bound to pull up the quality standards and cost-competitiveness of Indian producers in all the segments. It is therefore obvious that we should not only permit but encourage FDI in retail trade.Lastly, it is to be noted that the Indian Council of Research in International Economic transaction (ICRIER), a premier economic think tank of the country , which was appointed to look into the impact of BIG capital in the retail sector, has projected the expense of Indian retail sector to reach $496 one thousand thousand by 2011-12 and ICRIER has also come to conclusion that investment of big money (large corporates and FDI) in the retail sector would in the long run not harm interests of small, traditional, retailers.In wake of the above, it can be safely concluded that allowing healthy FDI in the retail sector would not only lead to a substantial bang in the countrys gross domestic product and overall economic development, but would inter alia also help in integrating the Indian retail market with that of the global retail market in addition to providing not practiced employment but a better paying employment, which the unorganized sector (kirana and other small time retailing shops) have doubtless failed to provide to the masses employed in them.Industrial organisations such as CII, FICCI, US-India line of work Council (USI BC), the American Chamber of Commerce in India, The Retail Association of India (RAI) and obtain Centers Association of India (a 44 member association of Indian multi-brand retailers and shopping malls) opt a phased approach toward liberalising FDI in multi-brand retailing, and most of them agree with considering a cap of 49-51 per cent to start with.The international retail players such as Walmart, Carrefour, Metro, IKEA, and TESCO share the same view and insist on a clear course of study towards 100 per cent opening up in near future. super multinational retailers such as US-based Walmart, Germanys Metro AG and Woolworths Ltd, the largest Australian retailer that operates in wholesale cash-and-carry ventures in India, have been demanding slackening of FDI rules on multi-brand retail for some time. Thus, as a matter of fact FDI in the buzzing Indian retail sector should not just be freely allowed but per contra should be significantly encouraged.Allowing FDI in multi brand ret ail can bring about Supply Chain Improvement, Investment in Technology, Manpower and Skill development,Tourism Development, Greater Sourcing From India, Upgradation in market-gardening, Efficient Small and Medium Scale Industries, Growth in market size and Benefits to government through greater gross domestic product, tax income and employment generation. Prerequisites before allowing FDI in Multi Brand Retail and Lifting Cap of Single Brand Retail FDI in multi-brand retailing must be dealt cautiously as it has learn impact on a large chunk of population.Left alone foreign capital will seek ways through which it can only multiply itself, and unthinking application of capital for profit, given our peculiar socio-economic conditions, may spell blame and deepen the gap between the rich and the poor. Thus the proliferation of foreign capital into multi-brand retailing needs to be anchored in such a way that it results in a win-win situation for India. This can be done by integrating into the rules and regulations for FDI in multi-brand retailing current inbuilt safety valves.For example FDI in multi brand retailing can be allowed in a calibrated manner with social safeguards so that the effect of possible dig dislocation can be analyzed and policy fine tuned accordingly. To stop up that the foreign investors make a genuine contribution to the development of infrastructure and logistics, it can be stipulated that a percentage of FDI should be spent towards building up of back end infrastructure, logistics or agro processing units.Reconstituting the indigence soft on(p) and stagnating rural sphere into a forward moving and prosperous rural sphere can be one of the justifications for introducing FDI in multi-brand retailing. To actualize this stopping point it can be stipulated that at least 50% of the jobs in the retail outlet should be reserved for rural youth and that a certain get along of farm produce be procured from the poor farmers. Similarly to d evelop our small and medium first step (SME), it can also be stipulated that a minimum percentage of manufactured products be sourced from the SME sector in India.PDS is still in many ways the life line of the people donjon below the poverty line. To ensure that the system is not weakened the government may reserve the right to procure a certain amount of food grains for replenishing the buffer. To protect the interest of small retailers the government may also put in place an exclusive regulatory framework. It will ensure that the retailing giants do resort to predatory pricing or germinate monopolistic tendencies. Besides, the government and RBI need to evolve suitable policies to enable the retailers in the unorganized sector to expand and improve their efficiencies.If Government is allowing FDI, it must do it in a calibrated fashion because it is politically fine and link it (with) up some caveat from creating some back-end infrastructure. Further, To take care of the concer ns of the Government before allowing 100% FDI in Single Brand Retail and Multi- Brand Retail, the following recommendations are being proposed - Preparation of a legal and regulatory framework and enforcement mechanism to ensure that large retailers are not able to dislocate small retailers by unfair means.Extension of institutional credit, at lower rates, by public sector banks, to help improve efficiencies of small retailers undertaking of proactive programme for assisting small retailers to upgrade themselves. Enactment of a National Shopping Mall Regulation Act to regulate the financial and social aspects of the entire retail sector. Formulation of a Model primaeval Law regarding FDI of Retail Sector Important highlights of Economic Outlook 2011-12 cultivation grew at 6. 6% in 2010-11. This years monsoon is projected to be in the range of 90 to 96 per cent, based on which Agriculture sector is pegged to grow at 3. % in 2011-12 Industry grew at 7. 9% in 2010-11. Projected to g row at 7. 1% in 2011-12 function grew at 9. 4% in 2009-10. Projected to grow at 10. 0% in 2011-12 Investment rate projected at 36. 4% in 2010-11 and 36. 7% in 2011-12 Domestic savings rate as ratio of GDP projected at 33. 8% in 2010-11 & 34. 0% in 2011-12 Current Account deficit is $44. 3 one thousand million (2. 6% of GDP) in 2010-11 and projected at $54. 0 billion (2. 7% of GDP) in 2011-12 intersection trade deficit is $ 130. 5 billion or 7. 59% of the GDP in 2010-11 and projected at $154. 0 billion or 7. % of GDP in 2011-12 Invisibles trade surplus is $ 86. 2 billion or 5. 0% of the GDP in 2010-11 and projected at $100. 0 billion or 5. 0% in 2011-12 Capital flows at $61. 9 billion in 2010-11 and projected at $72. 0 billion in 2011-12 FDI inflows projected at $35 billion in 2011/12 against the level of $23. 4 billion in 2010-11 FII inflows projected to be $14 billion which is less than half(prenominal) that of the last year i. e $30. 3 billion Accretion to reserves was $15. 2 b illion in 2010-11. Projected at $18. 0 billion in 2011-12 Inflation rate would continue to be at 9 per cent in the month of July-October 2011.There will be some quietus starting from November and will decline to 6. 5% in March 2012. Foreign direct investment net (BoP US dollar) in India The Foreign direct investment net (BoP US dollar) in India was last reported at 11008159606. 75 in 2010, according to a World Bank report released in 2011. The Foreign direct investment net (BoP US dollar) in India was 19668790288. 40 in 2009, according to a World Bank report, produce in 2010. The Foreign direct investment net (BoP US dollar) in India was reported at 24149749829. 71 in 2008, according to the World Bank.Foreign direct investment is net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term ca pital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows total net, that is, net FDI in the reporting economy from foreign sources less net FDI by the reporting economy to the rest of the world. Data are in current U. S. dollars.This page includes a historical data chart, news and forecast for Foreign direct investment net (BoP US dollar) in India. Indias diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a widely range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half of Indias output with less than one third of its labour force. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. Total 933. 2 100 2705. 0 100 231530. 1 100

Natural monopoly Essay

I believe that times change and as they, change rules and enactments must adapt to the times. Therefore, the treatment of the different industries must counterbalance the different industries as they grow. I do non think the resound and Broadcast should never have or ever be considered a innate Monopoly. The concept of lifelike monopoly presents a challenging public form _or_ system of government dilemma. On the cardinal hand, a pictorial monopoly implies that efficiency in drudgery would be better served if a atomic number 53ness firm supplies the entire market.On the other hand, in the absence of any competition the monopoly holder volition be tempted to exploit his pictorial monopoly power in order to maximise its profits. A natural monopoly is defined in economics as an pains where the fixed cost of the capital goods is so high-pitched that it is not profitable for a second firm to enter and compete. There is a natural reason for this industry being a monopoly, namely that the economies of scale gather up one, rather than several, firms. Small-scale ownership would be less efficient.Natural monopolies ar typically utilities such as water, electricity, and natural gas. It would be very costly to build a second set of water and sewerage pipes in a city. Water and gas delivery service has a high fixed cost and a low variable cost. Electricity is like a shot being deregulated, so the generators of electric power can now compete. tho the infrastructure, the wires that carry the electricity, usually remain a natural monopoly, and the various companies orchestrate their electricity through the same grid. Cable as a Natural MonopolyNearly every community in the United States allows only a whizz phone line company to operate within its borders. Since the Boulder determination 4 in which the U. S. Supreme Court held that municipalities might be subject to antimonopoly liability for anticompetitive acts, most dividing line franchises have b een nominally nonexclusive but in fact do operate to preclude all competitors. The legal precept for municipal regulation is that cable uses city-owned streets and rights-of-way the economic rationale is the assumption that cable is a natural monopoly. The theory of natural monopoly holds that because of structural conditions that exist in certain industries, competition between firms cannot endure and whenever these conditions exist, it is inevitable that only one firm will survive. Thus, regulation is incumbent to dilute the ill-effects of the monopoly. 5 Those who assert that cable video recording is a natural monopoly focus on its economies of scale that is, its enlarged fixed costs whose duplication by multiple companies would be ineffective and uneconomic. Thus, competitive presentation into the market should be proscribed because it is bound to be destructive.The Competitive Reality 1. A skeptic hearing exhortations that cable television is a natural monopoly that shou ld be locally regulated could have nigh questions at this point. First, if cable is a natural monopoly, why do we learn to guarantee it with a franchise? Economists Bruce Owen and Peter Greenhalgh argue persuasively that presumption economies of scale, if a cable company is responsive and efficient in its determine and service quality then there will be critical incentive for competitors to enter, and no need for an exclusionary franchise policy.9 Thus, if entry restrictions are necessary to arrest competition, the industry by definition is not a natural monopoly. 2. Second, if cable is a natural monopoly, is it necessarily a local monopoly? just about observers use the terms interchangeably, but there is no evidence that economic laws respect municipal boundaries. Given large fixed costs, does it make aesthesis to award a local franchise to one company when another(prenominal) already has facilities in an adjacent community? Yet such wasteful duplication, as the natural mono poly proponents would call it, occurs frequently under(a) the franchise system. local anaesthetic franchises make no sense in a true natural monopoly setting. 3. These questions, however, go to the heart of natural monopoly theory itself, a doctrine that is under increasing attack. 10 In the face of crumbling conventional wisdom in this area, the freight should be on the natural monopoly proponents to demonstrate that competition is not possible, and further, that regulation is necessary. Such a demonstration will prove impossible in the cable context. Cable is both extremely competitive, facing both discipline and indirect market challenges, and, in any event, is better left unregulated.For umpteen decades, economic textbooks have held up the telecommunications industry as the ideal mildew of natural monopoly. A natural monopoly is said to exist when a single firm is able to control most, if not all, output and prices in a given market due to the enormous entry barriers and ec onomies of scale associated with the industry. much specifically, a market is said to be naturally monopolistic when one firm can serve consumers at lower costs than deuce or more firms (Spulber 1995 31).For example, ring service traditionally has required move an extensive cable network, constructing numerous calls switching stations, and creating a variety of offer services, before service could actually be initiated. Obviously, with such high entry costs, new firms can find it difficult to gain a toehold in the industry. Those problems are compounded by the fact that once a single firm overcomes the initial costs, their average cost of doing business drops rapidly relation back to newcomers. The telephone monopoly, however, has been anything but natural.Overlooked in the textbooks is the extent to which federal and deposit governmental actions throughout this century helped build the AT&T or Bell system monopoly. As Robert Crandall (1991 41) noted, Despite the popular belie f that the telephone network is a natural monopoly, the AT&T monopoly survived until the 1980s not because of its naturalness but because of overt government policy. I hope that the preceding(prenominal) facts help support my beliefs that these industries should not be considered Natural Monopolies.These companies just penalise and had better site than other in the same industry had. immediately ATT is just as strong as it ever was.References Benjamin, S. M. , Lichtman, D. G. , Shelanski, H. , & Weiser , P. (2006). FOUNDATIONS. In Telecommunications rectitude and Policy . (2nd ed. ). (pp. 437 469). Durham, NC Carolina Academic Press. Foldvary, F. E. (1999). Natural Monopolies . The Progress Report. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http//www. progress. org/fold74. htm Thierer , A. D. (1994). UNNATURAL MONOPOLY CRITICAL MOMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BELL SYSTEM MONOPOLY . 14(2).

Following are excerpts from a speech made by Frederick W. Taylor in 191 Essay

If any of you leave get close to the average artisan in this countryclose enough to him so that he will talk to you as an intimate friendhe will furcate you that in his particular trade if, we will say, each man were to criminal protrude twice as much work as he is now doing, there could be but one result to marry Namely, that one-half the men in his trade would be thrown out of work. This doctrine is preached by almost ein truth lug leader in the country and is taught by every workman to his children as they ar maturation up and I repeat, as I said in the beginning, that it is our demerit more than theirs that this fallacy prevails. While the labor leaders and the workmen themselves in assuage and out of season are pointing out the necessity of restriction of output, non one step are we taking to counteract that fallacy therefore, I say, the fault is ours and not theirs.1.Do you think Taylors position is equally applicable today? Be prepared to justify your answer.I dont believe Taylors position would be equally applicable in American business today, as it did in 1911. Since the end of World warfare II, its more apparent in American business finish for more short term employment. Some examples include contract livelihood where specific skills are required for a specified time or project completion. There are government agencies with Directors and Administrators who are filling a senior management position for as long as the flow rate President serves. Businesses today are finding that through outsourcing some of their responsibilities to teams of super skilled employees specializing in the needed field, this will alleviate some of the financial liabilities needed in if they were to maintain their own permanent team.The founder and electric chair of APQC (formerly known as the American Productivity and Quality Center) in Houston, C. capital of Mississippi Grayson, warned several days ago that if management and labor cannot make their race le ss adversarial, then we wont get the full, long-term speak out in productivitythat we desperately need.2.Looking at Taylors and Graysons remarks, which were make approximately 73 years apart, one has to wonder what we have learned. legion(predicate) similar comparisons could be made. Why do you think managers dont seem to learn as much as they could from the past? conventional relationships between management and labor looks nothing as it did 100 years ago, especially when it pertains to unions. Being the only industrialized country with its infrastructure broadly speaking intact after World War II, the United States basked in economic superiority with American industry. However, management in the past rarely include employees in the decision-making process. There was a disconnect between management and labor which union leaders were utilized to close gaps and ensure fairness in areas such as pay and benefits, but more importantly, where safety is involved.In American businesses today, with government regulations and restrictions, differences in American and global markets and customs, outsourcing and contract services, and improvements in technology have changed the relationships between management and labor. According to an article compose in Governing.Com, relationships between management and labor can be minimise by forming a joint process improvement committee (PIC), who are focused on driving organizational efficiencies. The committees are formed which enables twain sides to pursue their interests with mutual respect and communication (OLeary, 2010). Although there is no alert fix with regards to management and labor relationships, one thing is still very clear, there is still a significant divide.ReferencesHuebsch, R. (2014). The Evolution of the Labor-Management Relationship. Houston Chronical. Retrieved from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/evolution-labormanagement-relationship-36056.html Leslie W. Rue, L. L. (2009). Management kills and Applica tion. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. OLeary, J. (2010, September 8). Labor Pains Repairingthe Manager and Union Relationship. Governing. Retrieved from http//www.governing.com/blogs/bfc/repairing-management-union-relationship.html

The Impact of Declining Nokia Market

PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF trouble AND RESEARCH SESSION 2012-2014 barbarian inquiry Project Synopsis THE concussion OF DECLINING NOKIA MARKET CONTENTS 1. existence 1. 1 Literature Review 1. 2 heading Of The contract 2. enquiry Methodology 2. 1 The Study 2. 2 Sample 2. 3 Tools For entropy Collection 2. 4 Tools For Data analysis 2. References 3. Questionnaire Introduction Nokia has stick a long way to evolve from a paper mill founded in 1865 to a reality renowned industrious ph unitary manufacturer and unmatched of the most powerful pits in the world. In 1992 Nokia appointed Jorma Ollila as the reinvigorated CEO and concentrated its focus on telecommunications.Through egress the 1990s Nokia was known as a relentless innovator and a pioneer that made the worlds first satellite c all told among many other innovative milestones. In 1998 Nokia became the worlds largest wandering phone manufacturer with a turnover of 31 billion dollars. Nokia is calm the most influential clu b to the Finnish national economy, alone Nokias effect is far from what it was in the early years of the 21st nose candy when Nokia accounted for almost half of the economic growth in Finland and produced as such(prenominal) as five per centum of Finlands annual Gross domestic Product.In 2006, Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo replaced Jorma Ollila as the CEO, but was non able to reverse the decline of Nokias food market cope particularly in the high end segment, where competitors handle Apple, Blackberry,HTC, Samsung, and phones using Googles humanoid operating scheme captured market sh ar from Nokia at an alarmingly change magnitude rate. At the end of year 2010 mechanical man was already the most far-flung burnished phone operating system in the world and Nokias market share in the capable phone segment had declined from 38 to 31 percent in one year (Sokala).Literature Review The use of this books review is to discuss relevant writings on how to correct market strategies from the shufflinging perspective. First, important cost such as steel legality and the concept of consumer-based brand equity are discussed. Secondly, the brand concern process is discussed from a strategic rack with the help of legal injury same(p) brand revitalization and integrated merchandise activity. The next part of the belles-lettres review concentrates on analyzing the marketing environment.Finally, the decision section summarizes important conclusions on how the literature review relates to the company world observed, Nokia During 2012, the telecom infrastructure market saw slight growth in capital expenditures in Euro terms by global mobile operators, chiefly attributable to operators in Japan, Asia peaceable and North America but it was off-set by declines in Europe, China and India, it added. Objective Of The Study The dissertation has three clean-cut investigate objectives. First of all I will try to witness out what is the aspired brand identity and brand image Nokia is trying to dumbfound with its smart phone marketing.To pass this I will conduct hearings with plurality who are responsible for Nokias brand management and marketing. The second explore objective of my thesis is to settle out what is the consumers brand perception of Nokia at the moment. To answer this question I will conduct a super smart phone brand perception purview to collect data from Finland and the United States. The last research objective of the thesis is improving Nokias current marketing strategies for its smart phones from a stigmatisation perspective in the countries subject to research.By comparing the results of the guest surveys with the company questions, I can retrieve where the aspired brand identity of Nokia does non meet the brand perceptions of the consumers. By utilizing the living knowledge and literature on the topic, I should be able to come up with ways to mend Nokias smart phone marketing in the two trenchant geographi cal regions. Research Methodology The Study This Bachelors thesis is a case study with a conceptual research conception since it consists of a defined research problem, polish off research objectives, and exact research questions that lead to conclusions on a real-life phenomenon.The thesis includes empirical as considerably as descriptive elements. There are several contexts to the research, because the aim is to purify Nokias existing marketing strategies in different regions based on potentially differing brand perceptions prevalent in these areas. Data Collection Methods interview Qualitative research and analysis methods were employ to assess the depth interview (Appendix 1) conducted on the fourth of February, 2011, with Mr. Pekka Somerto, the Vice president of Nokias Brand and merchandising Portfolio Management. The interview was conducted at Nokias home in Keilaniemi and it lasted for approximately an hour.The interview consisted of thirteen questions and the purpos e was to find out about the brand identity Nokia tries to create with their marketing. The questions asked were chosen based on the literature discussed in the literature review, and with the overall goal of improving Nokias marketing strategies for smart phones from the branding perspective. The results of the interview not only helped in reaching the research objective, but they also provided useful ideas and additional questions for the consumer survey. prospect To find out consumers brand perceptions of Nokia, quantitative research and analysis methods were utilized.An online consumer survey (Appendix 2) was created with the Qualtrics-software and distributed to approximately 400 sight in Finland and the United States through netmail and social media networks. Data analytic thinking The data analysis of the survey results started with a general analysis of the averages and presumable trends. It was followed by the identification of significant regional differences between t he responses with the help of swing tabulations. QUESTIONNAIRE Smart Phone Brand experience Survey REFERENCES Arnould, Eric, Linda Price, and George Zinkhan. Consumers. 2nd ed. red-hot York McGraw-Hill/Irwin,2004.Print. Barrett, Larry. Palm, Nokia Smartphone Users Most Likely to Switch Survey. endeavour Mobile Today. Internet. com, 19 Jan. 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Best Global Brands Ranking for 2010. Interbrand, n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Business Source Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. . Christodoulides, George, and Leslie De Chernatony. Consumer-based brand equity conceptualization and measurement. world-wide Journal of Market Research 52. 1 (2010) 43-66. EBSCO Business Source Complete. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. . Drobis, David R. Integrated Marketing communication theory Redefined. Journal of IntegratedThe Impact of Declining Nokia MarketPRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH SESSION 2012-2014 Minor Research Project Synopsis THE IMPACT OF DECLINING NOKIA MARKET CONTENTS 1 . Introduction 1. 1 Literature Review 1. 2 Objective Of The Study 2. Research Methodology 2. 1 The Study 2. 2 Sample 2. 3 Tools For Data Collection 2. 4 Tools For Data Analysis 2. References 3. Questionnaire Introduction Nokia has come a long way to evolve from a paper mill founded in 1865 to a world renowned mobile phone manufacturer and one of the most powerful brands in the world. In 1992 Nokia appointed Jorma Ollila as the new CEO and concentrated its focus on telecommunications.Throughout the 1990s Nokia was known as a relentless innovator and a pioneer that made the worlds first satellite vociferation among many other groundbreaking milestones. In 1998 Nokia became the worlds largest mobile phone manufacturer with a turnover of 31 billion dollars. Nokia is still the most influential company to the Finnish national economy, but Nokias effect is far from what it was in the early years of the 21st century when Nokia accounted for almost half of the economic growth in Finland and produced as much as five percent of Finlands annual Gross Domestic Product.In 2006, Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo replaced Jorma Ollila as the CEO, but was not able to reverse the decline of Nokias market share especially in the high end segment, where competitors like Apple, Blackberry,HTC, Samsung, and phones using Googles Android operating system captured market share from Nokia at an alarmingly increasing rate. At the end of year 2010 Android was already the most widespread smart phone operating system in the world and Nokias market share in the smart phone segment had declined from 38 to 31 percent in one year (Sokala).Literature Review The purpose of this literature review is to discuss relevant writings on how to improve marketing strategies from the branding perspective. First, important terms such as brand equity and the concept of consumer-based brand equity are discussed. Secondly, the brand management process is discussed from a strategic viewpoint with the help of terms like br and revitalization and integrated marketing activity. The next part of the literature review concentrates on analyzing the marketing environment.Finally, the last section summarizes important conclusions on how the literature review relates to the company being observed, Nokia During 2012, the telecom infrastructure market saw slight growth in capital expenditures in Euro terms by global mobile operators, mainly attributable to operators in Japan, Asia Pacific and North America but it was off-set by declines in Europe, China and India, it added. Objective Of The Study The thesis has three distinct research objectives. First of all I will try to find out what is the aspired brand identity and brand image Nokia is trying to convey with its smart phone marketing.To achieve this I will conduct interviews with people who are responsible for Nokias brand management and marketing. The second research objective of my thesis is to find out what is the consumers brand perception of Nokia at t he moment. To answer this question I will conduct a comprehensive smart phone brand perception survey to collect data from Finland and the United States. The last research objective of the thesis is improving Nokias current marketing strategies for its smart phones from a branding perspective in the countries subject to research.By comparing the results of the customer surveys with the company interviews, I can detect where the aspired brand identity of Nokia does not meet the brand perceptions of the consumers. By utilizing the existing knowledge and literature on the topic, I should be able to come up with ways to improve Nokias smart phone marketing in the two distinct geographical regions. Research Methodology The Study This Bachelors Thesis is a case study with a conceptual research design since it consists of a defined research problem, clear research objectives, and exact research questions that lead to conclusions on a real-life phenomenon.The thesis includes empirical as we ll as descriptive elements. There are several contexts to the research, because the aim is to improve Nokias existing marketing strategies in different regions based on potentially differing brand perceptions prevalent in these areas. Data Collection Methods Interview Qualitative research and analysis methods were used to assess the depth interview (Appendix 1) conducted on the fourth of February, 2011, with Mr. Pekka Somerto, the Vice President of Nokias Brand and Marketing Portfolio Management. The interview was conducted at Nokias headquarters in Keilaniemi and it lasted for approximately an hour.The interview consisted of thirteen questions and the purpose was to find out about the brand identity Nokia tries to create with their marketing. The questions asked were chosen based on the literature discussed in the literature review, and with the overall goal of improving Nokias marketing strategies for smart phones from the branding perspective. The results of the interview not onl y helped in reaching the research objective, but they also provided useful ideas and additional questions for the consumer survey. Survey To find out consumers brand perceptions of Nokia, quantitative research and analysis methods were utilized.An online consumer survey (Appendix 2) was created with the Qualtrics-software and distributed to approximately 400 people in Finland and the United States through e-mail and social media networks. Data Analysis The data analysis of the survey results started with a general analysis of the averages and apparent trends. It was followed by the identification of significant regional differences between the responses with the help of cross tabulations. QUESTIONNAIRE Smart Phone Brand Perception Survey REFERENCES Arnould, Eric, Linda Price, and George Zinkhan. Consumers. 2nd ed. New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin,2004.Print. Barrett, Larry. Palm, Nokia Smartphone Users Most Likely to Switch Survey. Enterprise Mobile Today. Internet. com, 19 Jan. 2011. We b. 24 Apr. 2011. . Best Global Brands Ranking for 2010. Interbrand, n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Business Source Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. . Christodoulides, George, and Leslie De Chernatony. Consumer-based brand equity conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Market Research 52. 1 (2010) 43-66. EBSCO Business Source Complete. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. . Drobis, David R. Integrated Marketing Communications Redefined. Journal of Integrated

African Negro Art Essay

In Walker Evans The hungry(p) Eye, author Gilles Mora attempts to capture and represent every significant human face of the lensmans deportment and snips via his art break away. Evans was a Depression-era photographer with the Farm Security Administration and later editor of Fortune magazine. His work was featured in Time magazine and he was the jump photographer to be given a solo show at tender Yorks Museum of Modern Art in 1938. In 1935, he had his graduation exercise photograph display at the museum, a series he called African Negro Art. Evans did not initially set out to be a photographer, save ended up as part of a consort of FSA photographers that included such greats as Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams. He was born to well-to-do parents in St. Louis in 1903 and attend college in New York for a year forward going to Paris to see the world. In 1927, he returned to the New York literary scene making friends with others who would go on to have a great impact on his car eer. He first began taking photographs in 1928 and worked on Wall Street as a clerk to a holdbroker until the stock market crash in 1929.A year later his first photographs, of the Brooklyn Bridge, were published in a book of poetry by stag Crane. During the Depression, Evans toured Cuba where he met Earnest Hemingway and worked for the Resettlement Administration in West Virginia ahead joining the FSA. He spent a great deal of time shooting American architecture as a demeanor of degradeing history and life and likewise spent 3 weeks living with sharecroppers in Alabama for a piece for Time magazine that James Agee was supposititious to write.The piece did not meet Times standards, but he and Agee would publish the story and photos in 1941 in Let Us at present Praise Famous Men Evans primarily used an 8 by 10 large format camera for his Depression era work, though he would switch to 35 mm in his later years. He is primarily known for his attempt to document life as it was wit hout the regulate of the photographer being felt in the photographs. This was, of course, impossible given the middling that he was using.The large size format combine with the film character meant that often his subjects would have to remain motionless for some(prenominal) minutes mend the film was exposing. Still, even his staged photographs appeared to be accurate scenes of life in the South in the Depression. During World War II, Evans was a regular contributor to Time magazine and after the war he joined the stave of Fortune magazine where he was a regular contributor until 1965. In 1965, he left the magazine to become a professor of graphical design at Yale Univeristy in New Haven, Conn., where he remained until his death in 1975.Evans is best known for his Depression era work, but he also did several series after the war attempting to document American life. He did a series about American industrialization s accident from a moving train and about the people of New Yor k urban center that he shot on the subway with a camera unnoticeable in his coat. Evans is credited with having a strong influence on several American artists most notably Andy Warhol, who may have gotten the idea for his photo- carrel series from work that Evans had done in a photo-booth.It is believed that Evans began experimenting with the use of photo booth imagery as early as 1929 in an attempt to peel himself from the role of artist in the taking of the photograph. Evans argued throughout most of his life in favor of the idea that photography should be a record of what was and not an artistic medium. Mora attempts to depict Evans work in a manner as closely as possible to the way they were originally presented, nitty-gritty some reproductions in the book are small and difficult to appreciate, but as a whole Evans body of work is amazing for its movie of the human spirit.